Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Mouse Model of Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Acute Hyperglycemia Combined with Transient Focal Ischemia
09:35

A Mouse Model of Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Acute Hyperglycemia Combined with Transient Focal Ischemia

Published on: November 15, 2024

Hemorrhagic transformation of childhood arterial ischemic stroke

Lauren A Beslow1, Sabrina E Smith, Arastoo Vossough

  • 1Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, 10th Floor Room 10011, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. beslow@email.chop.edu

Stroke
|February 26, 2011
PubMed

Insights

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) occurred in 30% of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke cases within 30 days. Larger infarct volumes were linked to HT and poorer outcomes in children.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Stroke Research

Background:

  • Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in children is a significant concern.
  • Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a potential complication of AIS.
  • Understanding HT occurrence and associated factors in pediatric AIS is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in children with AIS within 30 days of symptom onset.
  • To identify clinical factors associated with HT in this pediatric population.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective pediatric stroke registry identified 63 children (1 month to 18 years) with AIS.
  • Neuroimaging studies within 30 days of stroke were reviewed by a neuroradiologist.
  • Hemorrhage was classified using European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study-1 definitions; associations with clinical factors, anticoagulation, infarct volume, and outcome were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) occurred in 19 of 63 children (30%), with most hemorrhages being asymptomatic petechial types.
  • HT was less frequent in children with vasculopathy compared to other stroke mechanisms (RR 0.27, P=0.04).
  • Larger infarct volumes were significantly associated with HT (P=0.0084) and worse outcomes on the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure (PSOM).

Conclusions:

  • Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) affects 30% of children with arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) within 30 days.
  • The majority of HT events in pediatric AIS are asymptomatic and petechial.
  • Infarct volume is a key factor associated with both HT and adverse outcomes in pediatric AIS.
Abstract

More Related Videos

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats07:56

Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Neonatal Stroke in P10 Rats

Published on: April 21, 2017

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia06:01

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Published on: August 18, 2015

Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...