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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Infections and immunodeficiency in Down syndrome.

G Ram1, J Chinen

  • 1Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital. Houston, Houston, TX, USA.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|March 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) experience frequent, severe infections due to immune system defects and non-immunological factors. Further research into these mechanisms may reduce infection susceptibility in DS patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS), the most common genetic disorder, is associated with cognitive impairment and various physical abnormalities.
  • DS individuals exhibit a higher frequency and severity of infections, particularly respiratory tract infections, linked to immune system dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunological and non-immunological factors contributing to increased infection susceptibility in Down syndrome.
  • To highlight the need for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying immune defects in DS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on immune system abnormalities in Down syndrome.
  • Analysis of genetic factors (e.g., trisomy 21, gene over-expression) and non-immunological factors (e.g., anatomical, reflux) impacting infection risk.

Main Results:

  • DS is characterized by T and B cell lymphopenia, impaired T cell proliferation, reduced antibody response, and neutrophil chemotaxis defects.
  • Potential contributing factors include over-expression of genes like SOD1 and RCAN1, zinc deficiency, and anatomical issues like tracheomalacia.

Conclusions:

  • Immune system defects and non-immunological factors contribute significantly to the high infection rates in Down syndrome.
  • Targeting both immunological and non-immunological pathways may be crucial for reducing infection susceptibility in DS patients.