Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...

Multicompartment Models: Overview

Multicompartment Models: Overview

Multicompartment models are mathematical constructs that depict how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They segment the body into several compartments, symbolizing various physiological or anatomical areas connected through drug transfer processes such as absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
These models offer a more comprehensive representation of drug behavior in the body than one-compartment models. They accommodate the complexity of drug distribution,...

Microbial Interactions: Mutualism

Microbial Interactions: Mutualism

Mutualism is a symbiotic interaction in which all participating organisms benefit. These relationships can be obligate or facultative and are fundamental to ecosystem functions across diverse biological systems.Plant–Fungi MutualismOne well-known example is the association between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizophagus species. The fungal hyphae penetrate the root hairs and the epidermis, forming an extensive hyphal network that establishes a symbiotic association. Through this...

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).Mechanisms of Genetic VariationThe original sources of genetic variation are mutations,...

Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Individual and Population Analysis

Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Individual and Population Analysis

Mechanistic models are utilized in individual analysis using single-source data, but imperfections arise due to data collection errors, preventing perfect prediction of observed data. The mathematical equation involves known values (Xi), observed concentrations (Ci), measurement errors (εi), model parameters (ϕj), and the related function (ƒi) for i number of values. Different least-squares metrics quantify differences between predicted and observed values. The ordinary least squares (OLS)...

Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model

Parameters Affecting Nonlinear Elimination: Zero-Order Input, First-Order Absorption and Two-Compartment Model

Drugs administered through various routes can lead to nonlinear elimination, resulting in complex pharmacokinetic behaviors crucial to understanding efficacious drug dosing.
When a drug is administered through a constant intravenous infusion and eliminated via nonlinear pharmacokinetics, it follows zero-order input. For example, oral drugs undergo first-order absorption upon administration and are eliminated through nonlinear pharmacokinetics.
In the case of subcutaneously administered drugs,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Comparing methods to estimate time-varying reproduction numbers using genomic and epidemiological data.

Infectious Disease Modelling·2026

Same author

Lineage-specific transmission and spatial clustering of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in 2019-23: a population-based genomic study.

The Lancet. Microbe·2026

Same author

Comparison of phylogenetic metrics of transmission between symptomatic and asymptomatic tuberculosis in individuals who were incarcerated in Brazil in 2008-24: a retrospective genomic epidemiology study.

The Lancet. Microbe·2026

Same author

Biased estimates of phylogenetic branch lengths resulting from the discretised Gamma model of site rate heterogeneity.

Systematic biology·2026

Same author

SAASI: Sampling Aware Ancestral State Inference.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

HIV Transmission in a Declining African Epidemic.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Generation of a Bovine Primary Enteroid-Derived Two-Dimensional Monolayer Culture System for Applications in Translational Biomedical Research

Generation of a Bovine Primary Enteroid-Derived Two-Dimensional Monolayer Culture System for Applications in Translational Biomedical Research

Published on: April 5, 2024

No coexistence for free: neutral null models for multistrain pathogens.

Marc Lipsitch¹, Caroline Colijn, Ted Cohen

¹Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mlipsitc@hsph.harvard.edu

|March 1, 2011

Summary

Mathematical models for pathogen strain coexistence require both ecological and genetic neutrality. Closed clonal transmission models, when framed for ancestor tracing, satisfy these neutrality criteria, offering a simple approach for studying disease dynamics.

More Related Videos

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria

Published on: May 25, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Generation of a Bovine Primary Enteroid-Derived Two-Dimensional Monolayer Culture System for Applications in Translational Biomedical Research

Generation of a Bovine Primary Enteroid-Derived Two-Dimensional Monolayer Culture System for Applications in Translational Biomedical Research

Published on: April 5, 2024

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria

Published on: May 25, 2022

Area of Science:

Population Genetics
Mathematical Biology
Epidemiology

Background:

Most pathogens exist as multiple strains within host populations, complicating disease dynamics.
Understanding the mechanisms of strain coexistence is crucial for effective public health planning and disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish criteria for mathematical models of strain coexistence, particularly for indistinguishable strains.
To demonstrate that closed clonal transmission models can satisfy both ecological and population genetic neutrality.

Main Methods:

Development and analysis of mathematical models for pathogen strain coexistence.
Application of an 'ancestor-tracing' framework to closed clonal transmission models.
Evaluation of model neutrality in both ecological and population genetic contexts.

Main Results:

Mathematical models for indistinguishable strain coexistence must adhere to principles of ecological and population genetic neutrality.
Closed clonal transmission models, when formulated using an ancestor-tracing approach, inherently satisfy both neutrality criteria.
Neutral models provide a parsimonious and effective starting point for investigating strain coexistence mechanisms.

Conclusions:

Neutrality principles are essential for modeling pathogen strain coexistence.
Ancestor-tracing formulations of closed clonal transmission models offer a robust framework for studying disease dynamics.
These findings have significant implications for designing future research on pathogen evolution and epidemiology.