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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

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Dissection and Downstream Analysis of Zebra Finch Embryos at Early Stages of Development
09:23

Dissection and Downstream Analysis of Zebra Finch Embryos at Early Stages of Development

Published on: June 21, 2014

Gene expression throughout a vertebrate's embryogenesis.

Goran Bozinovic1, Tim L Sit, David E Hinton

  • 1Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695-7633, USA.

BMC Genomics
|March 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details gene expression patterns across all 40 developmental stages in Fundulus heteroclitus, revealing key temporal dynamics and gene correlations during vertebrate embryogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Understanding gene expression during embryonic development is crucial for deciphering morphogenesis.
  • Comprehensive descriptions of gene expression patterns across all vertebrate embryogenesis stages are lacking.
  • This study analyzes gene expression across 40 developmental stages in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To statistically analyze gene expression patterns throughout all 40 developmental stages of Fundulus heteroclitus.
  • To identify temporal dynamics and correlations in gene expression during vertebrate embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Statistical analysis of gene expression data.
  • Utilized four biological replicates for each of the 40 developmental stages.
  • Examined patterns for approximately 7,000 genes.

Main Results:

  • Gene expression patterns recapitulate developmental timing, with significant changes observed in 45% of genes between adjacent stages.
  • Specific stages (e.g., 4-8 cell, 8-16 cell, onset of circulation, pre/post-hatch, yolk absorption) show disproportionately high gene expression changes.
  • Stage 16 (pre-mid-gastrulation) exhibits peak expression for many genes, particularly those involved in oxidative respiration and protein synthesis, with unexpected positive and negative correlations among ribosomal genes.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides robust statistical evidence for the temporal dynamics of developmental gene expression in vertebrates.
  • Identified specific periods of significant gene expression shifts and correlated expression patterns, offering insights into developmental regulation.