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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...

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Interview: HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase
10:20

Interview: HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase

Published on: June 16, 2008

HIV-1 as RNA evolution machine.

Ben Berkhout1

  • 1Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infectivity and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. b.berkhout@amc.uva.nl

RNA Biology
|March 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV-1 RNA evolution reveals new insights into viral replication mechanisms. This method illuminates RNA structure roles in splicing, recombination, polyadenylation, and therapeutic escape.

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Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
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Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Interview: HIV-1 Proviral DNA Excision Using an Evolved Recombinase
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Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy
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Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)
10:16

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA genome contains various sequence and structural elements critical for its replication.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of these RNA motifs is essential for developing effective antiviral strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the utility of HIV-1 evolution as a research method for uncovering novel mechanistic details of viral replication.
  • To present examples of HIV-1 RNA evolution studies, highlighting diverse aspects of viral strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing HIV-1 evolution as a powerful experimental approach to investigate viral replication.
  • Analyzing specific RNA structural elements and their functional roles within the HIV-1 genome.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated control of HIV-1 splicing by RNA structure.
  • Elucidated the role of cellular tRNA in an unusual HIV-1 recombination event.
  • Showcased regulation of polyadenylation by RNA structure.
  • Illustrated viral escape mechanisms from RNA interference-based therapeutics.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-1 RNA evolution is a potent method for discovering new mechanistic information on viral replication.
  • RNA structure plays multifaceted roles in HIV-1 replication, including splicing, recombination, and evasion of therapeutic interventions.