Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

Neural Regulation

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Clinical Relevance of Diabetes Distress versus Major Depression in Type 2 Diabetes: A Latent Class Analysis from the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II.

Journal of clinical medicine·2023

Same author

Poststroke Depression: An Update.

The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences·2023

Same author

Temporal Trends in Mortality Associated with Comorbid Type 2 Diabetes and Schizophrenia: The Fremantle Diabetes Study.

Journal of clinical medicine·2023

Same author

Donepezil alone and combined with intensive language-action therapy on depression and apathy in chronic post-stroke aphasia: A feasibility study.

Brain and language·2022

Same author

Spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms in chronic post-stroke aphasia.

World journal of psychiatry·2022

Same author

Intensive aphasia therapy improves low mood in fluent post-stroke aphasia: Evidence from a case-controlled study.

Neuropsychological rehabilitation·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 3, 2012

Apathy and Parkinson's disease.

Sergio E Starkstein¹, Simone Brockman

¹University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital T-7, Fremantle, 6959, WA, Australia, ses@meddent.uwa.edu.au.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology

|March 2, 2011

Summary

Apathy in Parkinson's disease (PD) is linked to depression and dementia. While dopaminergic agonists show promise, further research is needed for effective apathy treatments in PD patients.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Psychiatry

Background:

Apathy is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD).
Apathy in PD is strongly associated with depression and cognitive decline.
Limited research exists on effective treatments for apathy in PD, with a lack of robust randomized controlled trials.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current understanding and potential treatment strategies for apathy in Parkinson's disease.
To highlight the need for further investigation into psychotropic and psychological interventions for apathy in PD.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on apathy in Parkinson's disease.
Discussion of anecdotal evidence and preliminary findings on treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 3, 2012

Dopaminergic agonists show anecdotal promise for treating apathy in PD.
Levodopa may improve motivation during "off" states.
Atomoxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, did not demonstrate efficacy in improving apathy.

Conclusions:

Further research is required to establish effective treatments for apathy in Parkinson's disease.
Investigating the impact of improving mood and cognition on apathy is warranted.
Development of specific psychotherapeutic techniques for "pure" apathy in PD patients is needed.