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Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Published on: November 5, 2015

Functional composite materials based on chemically converted graphene.

Hua Bai¹, Chun Li, Gaoquan Shi

¹Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Bio-organic, Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|March 2, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chemically converted graphene (CCG) offers a scalable and cost-effective method for creating advanced composite materials. This review highlights recent progress in CCG composites with diverse materials and their applications.

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Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Chemistry

Background:

Graphene, a 2D material, exhibits exceptional properties making it ideal for composites.
Chemically converted graphene (CCG) is producible at scale and low cost from various precursors.
CCG is a promising building block for high-performance composite materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in chemically converted graphene (CCG) based composites.
To summarize methodologies for preparing CCG and its composites.
To discuss the applications of CCG-based functional composite materials.

Main Methods:

Chemical conversion of carbon precursors to produce CCG.
Synthesis of CCG composites with small molecules, polymers, and inorganic nanoparticles.
Review of preparation methodologies and application studies.

Main Results:

CCG can be effectively synthesized from graphite, carbon nanotubes, and polymers.
CCG-based composites demonstrate enhanced properties suitable for various applications.
Diverse composite structures including CCG with small molecules, polymers, and nanoparticles have been developed.

Conclusions:

Chemically converted graphene is a versatile material for advanced composites.
Scalable and cost-effective production of CCG facilitates its use in high-performance materials.
CCG-based composites hold significant potential for numerous technological applications.