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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics
14:56

Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics

Published on: April 6, 2019

Pandemic mitigation: Bringing it home.

Tom Reichert1

  • 1Entropy Research Institute, 345 S Great Rd, Lincoln, MA 01773, USA. treichert@entropylimited.com

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering : MBE
|March 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pandemic influenza preparedness often overlooks epidemiology. This study analyzes mortality trends and H1N1 data, suggesting better strategies for high-risk groups and institutions to mitigate severe pandemics.

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Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs
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Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

Published on: April 9, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics
14:56

Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics

Published on: April 6, 2019

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs
07:13

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

Published on: April 9, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Disease Modeling

Background:

  • Current pandemic influenza plans prioritize stockpiling, vaccination, and social distancing, often with a short-term, disaster-response focus.
  • These plans frequently neglect the epidemiological nuances of influenza, particularly concerning age-specific mortality patterns and long-term impacts.
  • The elderly are prioritized for protection, yet historical data and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic show they are often spared initially, with mortality resurging later.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze historical influenza mortality data and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic's age distribution.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of current pandemic preparedness strategies, especially for acute and chronic care facilities.
  • To propose improved, evidence-based strategies for protecting populations, including institutions and residences, against severe pandemics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of influenza epidemic and pandemic mortality data from the last century.
  • Analysis of the multinational case age distribution during the 2009 novel H1N1 pandemic.
  • Modeling of acute and chronic care facilities to assess pandemic incursion and protection capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Historical data reveal patterns of elderly sparing in pandemics, followed by mortality resurgence with emerging variants.
  • Age-specific excess mortality has generally declined in developed countries, but this trend's importance in pandemic scenarios needs assessment.
  • Models indicate that society and acute care facilities are vulnerable to severe pandemics; however, institutions with controlled access, like chronic care facilities, offer better protection models.

Conclusions:

  • Pandemic influenza preparedness must integrate epidemiological insights, moving beyond short-term, disaster-like responses.
  • Effective protection against severe pandemics requires tailored strategies for different settings, emphasizing controlled environments and long-term planning.
  • Models derived from chronic care institutions provide a framework for developing realistic protection programs for severe pandemics applicable to corporations and residences.