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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...

Epistasis Analysis

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...

Epistasis

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

Published on: March 31, 2021

A major gene effect controls resistance to caries.

R I Werneck¹, F P Lázaro, A Cobat

¹Core for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Imaculada Conceição St 1155 - CCBS/PPGCS, Prado Velho, CEP 80215-901 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

Journal of Dental Research

|March 3, 2011

Summary

Genetic factors influence tooth decay (caries) susceptibility. A dominant gene controls resistance, with allele "A" frequency at 0.63. This study clarifies genetic risk factors for human caries.

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Systematic Approach to Identify Novel Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules from Plants' Extracts and Fractions to Prevent Dental Caries

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Published on: March 31, 2021

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Area of Science:

Genetics
Dental Research
Human Physiology

Background:

Genetic factors are known to influence dental caries susceptibility.
The precise inheritance model for caries susceptibility remains largely unaddressed.
Understanding genetic contributions is crucial for targeted prevention and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mode of inheritance for dental caries susceptibility.
To identify major gene effects influencing caries resistance in a specific population.
To estimate the frequency of relevant genetic alleles.

Main Methods:

Complex Segregation Analysis was performed on families from the Brazilian Amazon.
Phenotypic data (decayed teeth) were analyzed within familial structures.
Genetic models were tested to determine the best fit for observed inheritance patterns.

Main Results:

A dominant major gene effect controlling resistance to dental caries was detected.
The frequency of the resistance allele "A" was estimated at 0.63.
Individuals with genotypes AA/AB had a mean of 1.53 decayed teeth, while BB genotype individuals had 9.53.

Conclusions:

A dominant genetic model significantly contributes to caries resistance.
The findings provide a clearer understanding of the genetic architecture underlying human susceptibility to dental caries.
Further research can build upon these results to elucidate specific genetic risk factors.