Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hypertension and hypotension due to baroreceptors dysfunction: A physician personal experience as a head and neck cancer patient.

Cancer radiotherapie : journal de la Societe francaise de radiotherapie oncologique·2025
Same author

"The Laryngectomee Guide" in Hindi and Tamil.

Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India·2024
Same author

Overview of anaerobic infections in children and their treatment.

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy·2024
Same author

Cervical Radiculopathy Presenting as Ischemic Stroke After Carotid Artery Stent Placement.

Journal of medical cases·2023
Same author

Correction of carotid artery stenosis by stent placement ameliorated paroxysmal hypertension after radiation treatment of hypopharyngeal carcinoma: a case report.

Journal of medical case reports·2022
Same author

"The Laryngectomee Guide" is available in 18 languages (Free eBooks).

World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae
09:12

Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae

Published on: January 17, 2014

Microbiology of sinusitis.

Itzhak Brook1

  • 1Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA. ib6@georgetown.edu

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society
|March 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Most sinus infections are viral, but bacterial sinusitis can occur. Key bacteria vary by sinusitis type, including Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute infections and Staphylococcus aureus in chronic cases.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Sinus infections (sinusitis) are frequently viral, with bacterial infections developing secondarily in a smaller percentage of cases.
  • Common viral culprits include rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and parainfluenza viruses.
  • Understanding the specific microbial causes is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the diverse microbial landscape of various sinusitis types.
  • To identify common bacterial and fungal pathogens associated with community-acquired, chronic, and nosocomial sinusitis.
  • To highlight factors influencing sinusitis microbiology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sinusitis microbiology.
  • Identification of common pathogens based on clinical context (e.g., acute, chronic, nosocomial).

More Related Videos

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
11:32

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
09:02

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae
09:12

Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae

Published on: January 17, 2014

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
11:32

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
09:02

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

  • Analysis of factors affecting pathogen prevalence.

    • Main Results:

    • Acute purulent sinusitis commonly involves Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes.
    • Chronic sinusitis is often associated with Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobic bacteria.
    • Nosocomial sinusitis, immunocompromised hosts, HIV, and cystic fibrosis feature Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative rods.
    • Neutropenic patients may present with fungi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

    Conclusions:

    • The microbiology of sinusitis is complex and context-dependent.
    • Pathogen identification varies significantly between acute, chronic, and hospital-acquired infections.
    • Factors such as prior antibiotic use, vaccination status, and host defenses influence the microbial profile.