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Related Concept Videos

Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Related Experiment Video

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Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique
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Histone acetylation controls the inactive X chromosome replication dynamics.

Corella S Casas-Delucchi1, Alessandro Brero, Hans-Peter Rahn

  • 1Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany.

Nature Communications
|March 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Female X chromosome inactivation (Xi) is crucial for mammalian dosage compensation. This study reveals Xi replicates synchronously in early-mid S-phase, controlled by histone hypoacetylation, challenging previous late-replication theories.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian dosage compensation relies on X chromosome inactivation (Xi).
  • Late replication of Xi was hypothesized to maintain its silenced state.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the replication timing and epigenetic regulation of the inactive X chromosome (Xi) in mammals.
  • To determine the role of histone modifications and Xist in controlling Xi replication.

Main Methods:

  • Live-cell imaging using GFP-tagged replication proteins to track DNA replication.
  • Analysis of Xi replication timing relative to heterochromatin.
  • Utilizing ectopic Xist expression, epigenetic mark mutations, chemical inhibition, and inducible Xist.

Main Results:

  • The Xi replicates synchronously within 1-2 hours during early-mid S-phase.
  • Xi replication precedes or coincides with perinuclear facultative heterochromatin and precedes constitutive heterochromatin.
  • Histone hypoacetylation is identified as a key factor controlling Xi replication timing.
  • Ectopic Xist expression induced synchronous Xi replication.

Conclusions:

  • Xi replication is a highly coordinated, epigenetically controlled process, not necessarily late replicating.
  • Histone hypoacetylation plays a critical role in regulating Xi replication timing.
  • Synchronous replication of silent chromatin, like Xi, may be a conserved mechanism across species.