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Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit

Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit

Published on: September 2, 2025

A modular cloning system for standardized assembly of multigene constructs.

Ernst Weber¹, Carola Engler, Ramona Gruetzner

¹Icon Genetics GmbH, Halle/Saale, Germany.

|March 3, 2011

Summary

Synthetic biology enables designing organisms with new traits. A new modular cloning (MoClo) system efficiently assembles complex DNA for biotechnology applications like metabolic engineering.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Standardized Modular Assembly of Polycistronic Operons with Modular Cloning (MoClo) using the In-Cloning toolkit

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Area of Science:

Synthetic Biology
Biotechnology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Synthetic biology aims to design organisms with novel phenotypes for medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Current DNA assembly methods limit the creation of complex genetic constructs with multiple elements in predefined arrangements.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a hierarchical modular cloning system for efficient and flexible assembly of eukaryotic multigene constructs.
To overcome limitations in current DNA assembly methods for synthetic biology applications.

Main Methods:

A hierarchical modular cloning system utilizing type IIS restriction enzymes for ordered DNA fragment assembly.
Construction of a 33 kb DNA molecule comprising 11 transcription units from 44 basic modules.

Main Results:

The modular cloning (MoClo) system enables the creation of complex eukaryotic multigene constructs with high efficiency.
A 33 kb DNA molecule with 11 transcription units was assembled in just three cloning steps.

Conclusions:

The MoClo system provides a powerful and automatable tool for synthetic biology.
This system will significantly advance applications such as gene stacking and metabolic engineering.