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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

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In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System
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Protective effector memory CD4 T cells depend on ICOS for survival.

Tamson V Moore1, Bryan S Clay, Caroline M Ferreira

  • 1Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.

Plos One
|March 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is crucial for maintaining effector memory (EM) CD4 T cells, which are vital for fighting infections. Loss of ICOS impairs EM cell survival and increases susceptibility to re-infection, highlighting its role in adaptive immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Immunology
  • T cell biology

Background:

  • Memory CD4 T cells are essential for long-term immunity against pathogens.
  • Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is upregulated on memory CD4 T cells and influences their function.
  • The precise role of ICOS in memory CD4 T cell development and maintenance is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ICOS costimulation in the development and maintenance of effector memory (EM) and central memory (CM) CD4 T cells.
  • To determine the physiological impact of ICOS deficiency on immune responses to viral infection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of CD4 T cell populations in ICOS-deficient (ICOS(-/-)) and ICOSL-deficient (ICOSL(-/-)) mice.
  • Adoptive transfer experiments to assess T cell development and survival.
  • Influenza virus infection model to evaluate in vivo immune responses.

Main Results:

  • ICOS/ICOSL deficiency leads to a progressive age-dependent decline in the number of EM CD4 T cells.
  • This reduction is due to impaired long-term survival of EM CD4 T cells, not altered development or homeostatic proliferation.
  • Central memory (CM) CD4 T cell numbers and persistence were unaffected by ICOS deficiency.
  • ICOS(-/-) mice exhibited reduced influenza-specific EM CD4 T cell populations and increased susceptibility to re-infection.

Conclusions:

  • ICOS costimulation is critical for the long-term maintenance of effector memory CD4 T cells.
  • ICOS does not appear to be essential for the development or maintenance of central memory CD4 T cells.
  • Defects in ICOS-mediated maintenance of EM CD4 T cells compromise protective immunity against viral re-infection.