Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 4, 2026
10:45
Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish
Published on: May 25, 2017
[Alcoholic foetopathy: an update]
Daniel Martín Fernández-Mayoralas1, Alberto Fernández-Jaén
1Unidad de Neurología Infantil.Hospital Quiron, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain. dmfmayor@yahoo.es
Revista De Neurologia
|March 3, 2011
Summary
Prenatal alcohol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), a leading preventable cause of birth defects and mental deficiency. More research is needed on effective treatments for cognitive and behavioral issues in children with FASD.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Developmental Pediatrics
- Public Health
Context:
- Prenatal alcohol exposure is a significant risk factor for congenital defects and mental deficiency.
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) encompass a range of neurodevelopmental conditions.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most severe manifestation, linked to epigenetic changes.
Purpose:
- To provide an updated review of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).
- To cover epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies.
- To emphasize associated cognitive and behavioral alterations.
Summary:
- FASD prevalence is estimated at 1% globally.
- Diagnostic criteria, such as those from the Institute of Medicine, are available for FASD.
- Cognitive and behavioral issues, including executive dysfunction and ADHD, are common in FASD, with limited evidence on treatments like methylphenidate or atomoxetine.
Impact:
- Highlights the need for awareness of clinical, physical, and cognitive effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.
- Underscores the necessity for randomized controlled trials to evaluate psychostimulant and atomoxetine efficacy in treating FASD-associated conditions.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:24Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology
Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
01:23Cirrhosis I: Introduction
Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
01:21Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...
01:29Hepatic Encephalopathy
DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
01:28Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism
Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
01:22Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...