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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
07:56

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Published on: October 10, 2020

Functional elbow range of motion for contemporary tasks.

Matthew Sardelli1, Robert Z Tashjian, Bruce A MacWilliams

  • 1Shriners Hospitals for Children, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, USA. Matthew.Sardelli@hsc.utah.edu

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
|March 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Contemporary tasks like using a cell phone and keyboard require greater elbow range of motion than previously understood. This study measured elbow flexion, pronation-supination, and varus-valgus for various activities.

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A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
07:56

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Published on: October 10, 2020

Setup for the Quantitative Assessment of Motion and Muscle Activity During a Virtual Modified Box and Block Test
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Setup for the Quantitative Assessment of Motion and Muscle Activity During a Virtual Modified Box and Block Test

Published on: January 12, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Factors Engineering
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Previous studies established elbow range of motion for general functional tasks.
  • Contemporary activities, such as smartphone use and typing, have not been analyzed for specific elbow motion requirements.
  • Understanding these contemporary motion arcs is crucial for defining current functional elbow mobility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify elbow range of motion, including flexion-extension, pronation-supination, and varus-valgus angulation.
  • To measure these ranges during both established positional tasks and contemporary functional activities.
  • To utilize advanced three-dimensional optical tracking technology for precise measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-five participants performed six positional and eleven functional tasks.
  • Tasks included historical and contemporary activities.
  • Elbow flexion-extension, varus-valgus, and forearm rotation (pronation and supination) were recorded using 3D optical tracking.

Main Results:

  • Positional tasks: minimum 27°±7° flexion to maximum 149°±5° flexion; forearm rotation 20°±18° pronation to 104°±10° supination.
  • Functional tasks: maximum flexion arc 142°±3° (cellular telephone); maximum pronation-supination arc 103°±34° (using a fork).
  • Specific tasks revealed high demands: keyboard use (65°±8° pronation), door opening (77°±13° supination), and cellular telephone use (130°±7° flexion arc).

Conclusions:

  • Functional elbow range of motion for daily activities may exceed prior estimations.
  • Contemporary tasks, particularly keyboard and mouse use, demand increased forearm pronation.
  • Cellular telephone usage necessitates a greater degree of elbow flexion compared to other activities.