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Induction of prophage lambda by chlorophenols.

D M DeMarini1, H G Brooks, D G Parkes

  • 1Genetic Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.

Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
|January 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary
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Certain chlorinated phenols can cause DNA damage, as shown by their ability to induce prophage lambda in E. coli. This genotoxicity is linked to their potential to cause cancer and chromosomal aberrations in humans.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Molecular Toxicology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Chlorinated phenols are widespread environmental contaminants and human exposure is common.
  • These compounds are used as wood preservatives and fungicides.
  • Previous studies suggest potential health risks associated with chlorinated phenols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genotoxicity of phenol and 19 chlorophenol isomers.
  • To assess their ability to induce DNA damage using the Microscreen prophage-induction assay.
  • To correlate genotoxicity with chemical structure and known human health effects.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Microscreen prophage-induction assay in Escherichia coli.
  • Tested phenol and 19 chlorophenol isomers for their ability to induce prophage lambda.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Included S9 mix to assess metabolic activation.
  • Compared results with existing data on mutagenicity, clastogenicity, and carcinogenicity.

    • Main Results:

    • Seven chlorophenol isomers induced prophage lambda in the presence of S9.
    • Three isomers (2,3,4-tri, 2,4,5-tri, 3,4,5-tri) were significantly more potent inducers.
    • Potency correlated with the number of chlorine atoms ortho to the hydroxyl group.
    • No mutagenicity was observed in Salmonella assays.
    • Results align with existing data on clastogenicity and carcinogenicity of certain isomers.

    Conclusions:

    • Specific chlorinated phenols exhibit genotoxic potential via prophage induction in E. coli.
    • Genotoxicity is likely mediated by reactive metabolites like chlorohydroquinones and chlorobenzosemiquinones.
    • These findings support associations between certain chlorophenols and human health risks such as cancer and chromosomal aberrations.