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Mechanism of Conjugation

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Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability

High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability

Published on: November 21, 2014

Integrin-mediated type IV secretion by Helicobacter: what makes it tick?

Ralf Schuelein¹, Paige Everingham, Terry Kwok

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.

Trends in Microbiology

|March 5, 2011

Summary

Helicobacter pylori uses a type IV secretion system (T4SS) to inject CagA into host cells. Recent studies identified human β(1) integrin as the receptor, but disagree on the specific T4SS proteins involved.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

High Resolution Electron Microscopy of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System Pili Produced in Varying Conditions of Iron Availability

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Applying Live Cell Imaging and Cryo-Electron Tomography to Resolve Spatiotemporal Features of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Secretion System

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Published on: March 10, 2020

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Cell Biology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) pathogenesis involves injecting effector proteins like CagA into host cells.
A type IV secretion system (T4SS) mediates this injection process.
Identifying the host cell receptor for Hp T4SS has been a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and reconcile conflicting findings regarding the host cell receptor for Hp T4SS.
To clarify which T4SS component(s) interact with the identified receptor.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of recent studies on Hp T4SS and host cell interactions.
Review of existing literature on Hp pathogenesis and integrin signaling.

Main Results:

Two independent studies identified human β(1) integrin as the host cell receptor for Hp.
Discrepancies exist between the studies regarding which specific T4SS proteins bind to β(1) integrin.

Conclusions:

Human β(1) integrin is implicated as a key receptor in Hp T4SS-mediated host cell entry.
Further research is needed to resolve the specific T4SS components interacting with β(1) integrin.
A comprehensive understanding of T4SS mechanisms is crucial for addressing Hp pathogenesis.