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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines01:15

Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

Antihistamines are a class of drugs widely used to alleviate the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion. They work by inhibiting the actions of histamine, which is released by immune cells in response to allergenic substances or tissue injuries.
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Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay
06:08

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay

Published on: September 22, 2023

Local class switching in nonallergic rhinitis.

Spencer C Payne1, Philip G Chen, Larry Borish

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0713, USA. spencercpayne@virginia.edu

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
|March 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Localized immunoglobulin E (IgE) production in the nasal passages may explain nonallergic rhinitis. Further research is needed to confirm this "entopy" and its potential to guide allergy-targeted treatments.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Allergy Research

Background:

  • Nonallergic rhinitis presents diagnostic challenges, especially when systemic allergy tests are negative.
  • Idiopathic rhinitis may stem from localized immunoglobulin E (IgE) production within the nasal mucosa, a process termed 'entopy'.
  • Understanding entopy could clarify mechanisms behind nonallergic rhinitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on localized IgE production in the nasal mucosa.
  • To explore the concept of entopy in the context of nonallergic rhinitis.
  • To assess the potential of entopy to identify patients who may benefit from allergy-targeted therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating IgE production in rhinitis.
  • Analysis of findings on local IgE class switching in nasal and respiratory mucosa.
  • Evaluation of evidence linking local IgE to nonallergic rhinitis and atopy testing.

Main Results:

  • Local IgE production in nasal mucosa has been observed in patients with negative systemic atopy tests.
  • Evidence of local IgE class switching exists in the respiratory mucosa of nonatopic asthmatics.
  • Unambiguous demonstration of local class switching in rhinitis patients typically requires confirmed atopy via routine testing.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence suggests local IgE class switching is possible in nonallergic rhinitis, but not definitively proven.
  • Further research should focus on demonstrating local class switching in nonallergic rhinitis and its specificity.
  • Identifying a local IgE-mediated process could define a subgroup of nonallergic rhinitis responsive to allergy treatments.