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Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography
09:27

Protein Crystallization for X-ray Crystallography

Published on: January 16, 2011

Crystallization of macromolecules for three-dimensional structure determination.

B Luisi1, M Anderson, G Hope

  • 1MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|March 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Advances in X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy have fueled a surge in biological structure data. This allows for a deeper understanding and potential engineering of biological functions at the molecular level.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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12:38

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The field of biological structure has experienced significant growth in the past decade.
  • This expansion is driven by advancements in experimental techniques and a push towards understanding molecular mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the impact of increased stereochemical information on biological understanding.
  • To investigate the potential for engineering biological function through detailed structural knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • Improvements in X-ray crystallography techniques.
  • Advancements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
  • Enhanced methods for bulk preparation of biological materials.

Main Results:

  • An explosion of stereochemical information has become available.
  • Experimental biologists are increasingly pursuing research at the stereochemical level.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding biological structure at the stereochemical level is crucial for deciphering biological function.
  • Knowledge of stereochemistry may enable better engineering of biological systems.