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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Hepatitis C virus : types, subtypes, and beyond.

D B Smith, P Simmonds

    Methods in Molecular Medicine
    |March 5, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) sequences are classified into major types and subtypes based on genetic differences. This classification system helps understand HCV diversity and evolution globally.

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    Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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    Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

    Published on: June 5, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was identified as a cause of transfusion-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis.
    • Early sequence analysis revealed significant genetic diversity among HCV isolates worldwide.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish a classification system for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) based on genetic sequencing.
    • To delineate major types and subtypes of HCV to understand global viral diversity.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of complete genome sequences and subgenomic fragments of HCV.
    • Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences, including the NS5B gene region.

    Main Results:

    • HCV sequences are divided into six major types (<70% nucleotide identity) and numerous subtypes (70-80% identity).
    • Complete genome sequences are available for all six types and multiple subtypes.
    • Phylogenetic analysis consistently differentiates six genotypes and an increasing number of subtypes.

    Conclusions:

    • A robust classification system for HCV types and subtypes has been established based on sequence analysis.
    • This system aids in understanding the global genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of Hepatitis C virus.