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Related Concept Videos

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I01:13

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I

Compendial dissolution methods are standardized procedures defined by pharmacopeias to evaluate the rate at which a drug dissolves in a specific medium. These methods ensure batch-to-batch consistency, enable quality control, and support the prediction of drug bioavailability. They are critical for both immediate and modified-release drug products.The apparatuses used for dissolution testing differ in their design and mechanical function, but all aim to simulate the physiological environment of...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients, maintaining...
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are employed to...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals
08:54

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 25, 2016

Cocrystal intrinsic dissolution behavior using a rotating disk.

H-G Lee1, Geoff G Z Zhang, D R Flanagan

  • 1College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|March 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The acetaminophen/theophylline (AT) cocrystal dissolves faster and shows higher transient solubility than physical mixtures. This cocrystal exhibits congruent dissolution, aiding in drug formulation development.

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Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Published on: April 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Cocrystals are crystalline solids composed of two or more different molecular components in a stoichiometric ratio.
  • Cocrystal formation can significantly alter the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
  • Understanding dissolution and solubility is crucial for drug bioavailability and formulation design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare the dissolution characteristics of an acetaminophen/theophylline (AT) cocrystal.
  • To evaluate the solubility behavior of the AT cocrystal against its pure components and physical mixtures.
  • To assess the congruence and predict dissolution using established physical chemistry principles.

Main Methods:

  • Intrinsic dissolution studies using the rotating-disk method.
  • Solubility studies involving transient (5, 30, 60 min) and equilibrium (72 h) sample collection at 37 °C.
  • Application of the Levich equation for dissolution behavior prediction.

Main Results:

  • The AT cocrystal demonstrated a faster dissolution rate compared to AT physical mixtures.
  • Congruent (1:1 mole ratio) dissolution profiles were observed for the cocrystal across different pH conditions.
  • Higher transient solubility was observed for the AT cocrystal versus its pure components.
  • Theophylline hydrate precipitation occurred at equilibrium, lowering solubility, while acetaminophen did not precipitate.
  • Phase-solubility studies confirmed 1:1 complex formation for both physical mixtures and the cocrystal.

Conclusions:

  • The AT cocrystal exhibits enhanced dissolution and transient solubility, suggesting improved performance over physical mixtures.
  • Congruent dissolution indicates predictable release kinetics, beneficial for pharmaceutical development.
  • The study provides valuable insights into the solid-state properties and dissolution behavior of AT cocrystals, informing formulation strategies.