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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Bell's palsy.

Julian Holland1, Jonathan Bernstein

  • 1St Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol (NHS) Trust, Bristol, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|March 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bell's palsy is a sudden facial paralysis. This systematic review evaluates treatments like antivirals and corticosteroids for Bell's palsy, assessing their effectiveness and safety.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Bell's palsy involves acute, unilateral facial paralysis, often idiopathic but potentially linked to herpes virus reactivation.
  • It affects individuals aged 15-40 with a 1 in 60 lifetime risk, and while most recover spontaneously, up to 30% experience incomplete recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of various treatments for Bell's palsy in adults and children.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of interventions for facial nerve paralysis.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic review of 14 studies including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to June 2010.
  • Included safety alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA) and performed GRADE evaluation of evidence quality.

Main Results:

  • Identified and evaluated evidence for multiple interventions for Bell's palsy.
  • Assessed the quality of evidence for each treatment using the GRADE system.

Conclusions:

  • Presents information on the effectiveness and safety of antiviral treatments, corticosteroids, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, facial nerve decompression surgery, and facial retraining for Bell's palsy.
  • Provides a comprehensive overview of current treatment options based on systematic review findings.