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Related Concept Videos

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis01:28

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
The first energy-releasing step—the 6th step of glycolysis —consists of two...
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...
Microbial Fuel Cells01:23

Microbial Fuel Cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical devices that generate electricity by exploiting the metabolic processes of electrogenic bacteria. These systems provide a renewable energy source and serve as an innovative method for treating organic waste, such as wastewater.A typical MFC consists of two chambers: an anoxic (oxygen-free) compartment that houses the bacteria and an oxic (oxygen-rich) compartment that contains oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Many MFCs use proton...
Fermentation01:29

Fermentation

Most eukaryotic organisms require oxygen to survive and function adequately. Such organisms produce large amounts of energy during aerobic respiration by metabolizing glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. However, most eukaryotes can generate some energy in the absence of oxygen by anaerobic metabolism.
Fermentation is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where organic molecules such as glucose are broken down to produce energy. During this process, the...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
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Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

MOPEDS: Motorized Objects Propelling Ethanol Drinking Subjects.

A Britton Christmas1, Rita A Brintzenhoff, Thomas M Schmelzer

  • 1F.H. ''Sammy'' Ross, Jr. Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232, USA. ashley.christmas@carolinashealthcare.org

The American Surgeon
|March 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alcohol significantly impacts moped crashes, posing a public safety risk. This study found higher alcohol involvement in moped incidents compared to cars and motorcycles.

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Area of Science:

  • Trauma Surgery
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Mopeds operate under different regulations than cars or motorcycles, often without requiring a driver's license.
  • Alcohol impairment is a known risk factor in motor vehicle and motorcycle crashes.
  • The specific impact of alcohol on moped crashes requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between alcohol consumption and moped crashes.
  • To compare alcohol involvement in moped crashes with motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) and motorcycle crashes (MCCs).
  • To assess injury severity and mortality in moped crashes related to alcohol.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of adult moped injuries from 1995-2006.
  • Comparison with data from MVCs and MCCs during the same period.
  • Analysis of demographics, injury severity, mortality, and serum alcohol (ETOH) levels using Student t test and χ² test.

Main Results:

  • Moped crashes showed the highest mortality rate (9.7%), though not statistically significant (P = 0.064).
  • A statistically significant increase in blood alcohol levels was found in moped crashes (P = 0.004).
  • Serum alcohol levels above 0.05 g/dL were present in 39% of moped crashes, compared to 23.4% for MVCs and 24.8% for MCCs.

Conclusions:

  • Moped crashes exhibit a significantly higher prevalence of alcohol involvement compared to MVCs and MCCs.
  • Alcohol impairment represents a substantial and previously unrecognized public safety risk in moped incidents.
  • Further research and targeted interventions are warranted to address alcohol-related moped crashes.