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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
08:25

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

Painful flatfoot deformity.

M Wiewiorski1, V Valderrabano

  • 1Orthopaedic Department University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Acta Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae Et Traumatologiae Cechoslovaca
|March 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (PTTI) causes arch collapse and foot deformities, often misdiagnosed. Early clinical diagnosis of PTTI is crucial for effective treatment and preventing debilitating foot conditions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
08:25

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Podiatry
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • The posterior tibial tendon is vital for supporting the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.
  • Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (PTTI) can lead to progressive arch collapse, heel valgus, midfoot flattening, and forefoot abduction/supination, resulting in acquired pes planovalgus abductus et supinatus.
  • PTTI is frequently misdiagnosed as chronic ankle sprain, osteoarthritis, or age/obesity-related arch collapse, leading to patient debilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the clinical significance of posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (PTTI).
  • To emphasize the importance of prompt and accurate diagnosis of PTTI.
  • To advocate for increased awareness of PTTI to improve patient outcomes and limit disability.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis of PTTI is primarily clinical.
  • The study emphasizes clinical assessment and awareness for diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Failure of the posterior tibial muscle leads to a cascade of foot deformities, including arch collapse and heel valgus.
  • Misdiagnosis of PTTI delays appropriate treatment, increasing patient frustration and disability.

Conclusions:

  • Increased awareness of PTTI is essential for earlier patient referral and treatment.
  • Prompt clinical diagnosis of PTTI allows for more manageable treatment and reduces long-term disability.
  • Recognizing PTTI can prevent misdiagnosis and improve the management of debilitating foot conditions.