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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Reprogramming Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Pluripotency
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X-chromosome epigenetic reprogramming in pluripotent stem cells via noncoding genes.

Daniel H Kim1, Yesu Jeon, Montserrat C Anguera

  • 1Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|March 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Pluripotency factors link X-chromosome reprogramming to stem cell states. X-chromosome epigenetic status, indicated by XIST RNA, is crucial for assessing pluripotent stem cell quality for regenerative medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Pluripotency acquisition involves X-chromosome epigenetic reprogramming.
  • Female embryonic stem cells have two active X-chromosomes, while differentiation involves X-inactivation.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells reactivate the inactivated X-chromosome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular mechanisms linking X-chromosome reprogramming and pluripotency.
  • To discuss advances in understanding the role of pluripotency factors and noncoding RNAs.
  • To evaluate the epigenetic quality of human pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on X-chromosome regulation in pluripotent stem cells.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways involving pluripotency factors and X-inactivation center genes.
  • Assessment of XIST RNA expression and heterochromatin marks as epigenetic indicators.

Main Results:

  • Mouse embryonic stem cells define a pluripotent ground state with low XIST RNA and no heterochromatin marks.
  • Human pluripotent stem cells display X-chromosome epigenetic instability.
  • XIST RNA and heterochromatin marks serve as benchmarks for pluripotency and developmental 'naïveté'.

Conclusions:

  • X-chromosome status is tightly linked to stem cell pluripotency and reprogramming.
  • Epigenetic instability in human pluripotent stem cells poses challenges for regenerative medicine.
  • X-chromosome epigenetic markers are vital for evaluating stem cell quality and therapeutic potential.