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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal sequences.
Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry, similar...
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
08:23

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

Membrane transfer of S-nitrosothiols.

Akio Matsumoto1, Andrew J Gow

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. akio@faculty.chiba-u.jp

Nitric Oxide : Biology and Chemistry
|March 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) signals between cells via gas diffusion (NO/cGMP pathway) or S-nitrosylation (SNO pathway). The SNO pathway uses amino acid transporters for larger molecules like S-nitrosylated cysteine (CysNO) to cross membranes.

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Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
07:16

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation

Published on: June 21, 2021

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies
12:05

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies

Published on: March 6, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds
08:23

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
07:16

Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation

Published on: June 21, 2021

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies
12:05

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies

Published on: March 6, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Signaling Pathways

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) is a crucial cellular signaling molecule.
  • NO regulates adjacent cell functions by transmitting signals across membranes.
  • Two primary NO signaling pathways exist: the NO/cGMP pathway and the S-nitrosylation (SNO) pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct mechanisms of NO signal transmission across cell membranes.
  • To detail the role of the SNO pathway in intercellular communication.
  • To explore the molecular components and regulation of the SNO pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of NO diffusion and S-nitrosylation mechanisms.
  • Investigation of molecular transport across plasma membranes.
  • Examination of transnitrosylation reactions involving S-nitrosylated glutathione (GSNO) and S-nitrosylated cysteine (CysNO).

Main Results:

  • NO signals as a gaseous molecule via free diffusion activating the NO/cGMP pathway.
  • The SNO pathway utilizes amino acid transporters for larger S-nitrosylated molecules like CysNO.
  • Transnitrosylation from GSNO to CysNO is essential for SNO signal transmission across membranes.

Conclusions:

  • Both NO/cGMP and SNO pathways enable NO to influence adjacent cells.
  • The SNO pathway's reliance on transporters highlights its distinct mechanism for larger signaling molecules.
  • Complex regulatory factors modulate stimulus-response coupling in the SNO pathway.