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Related Experiment Videos

List-strength effect: I. Data and discussion.

R Ratcliff1, S E Clark, R M Shiffrin

  • 1Northwestern University.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|March 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Strengthening list items impairs free recall, but this list-strength effect is absent or negative in recognition tasks. This challenges current memory models and suggests different retrieval processes for recall versus recognition.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Memory Research

Background:

  • The list-length effect demonstrates that memory for items decreases as list length increases.
  • The list-strength effect describes how strengthening some items can impair recall of others.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the list-strength effect in both free recall and recognition memory tasks.
  • To determine if strengthening items impacts recognition memory differently than recall memory.
  • To evaluate the explanatory power of current memory models regarding the list-strength effect.

Main Methods:

  • Seven recognition memory studies were conducted.
  • Strengthening of list items was achieved through increased study time and extra repetitions.
  • Rehearsal strategies were controlled to isolate the list-strength effect.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • The list-strength effect was absent or negative in all seven recognition studies.
  • Strengthening items did not improve, and sometimes impaired, recognition memory.
  • Findings challenge the notion that rehearsal redistribution explains the list-strength effect.

Conclusions:

  • Recall and recognition memory appear to rely on distinct retrieval operations.
  • Current memory models may need modification to account for these divergent findings.
  • The SAM model could potentially accommodate these results with minor adjustments.