HIV-1-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
1Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD.
Methods in Molecular Medicine
|March 8, 2011
Summary
Antibodies facilitate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HIV-1 infected cells. This immune response, involving natural killer (NK) cells, is crucial for reducing viral load.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Virology
Background:
- Antibodies generated during HIV-1 infection can link immune effector cells to infected cells.
- Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) plays a role in controlling HIV-1 viral load.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the mechanisms and types of ADCC activity in HIV-1 infection.
- To assess the relevance of different ADCC assays in the context of HIV-1 disease progression.
Main Methods:
- Assaying indirect ADCC using normal lymphocytes and HIV-1 patient sera.
- Assaying direct ADCC using NK cells isolated from HIV-1 infected individuals.
- Utilizing chromium-51 release assays to measure target cell lysis.
Main Results:
- Two types of ADCC were identified: indirect and direct.
- Indirect ADCC was observed in sera from HIV-1 infected individuals irrespective of disease stage.
- Direct ADCC, mediated by NK cells from infected individuals, showed declining activity as HIV-1 disease progressed.
Conclusions:
- Both indirect and direct ADCC mechanisms contribute to controlling HIV-1.
- Direct ADCC activity in NK cells may serve as a more relevant indicator of disease progression in HIV-1 infection.
Related Concept Videos
01:29Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens
The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
01:27Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
01:40Cell-mediated Immune Responses
Overview
01:26Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
01:41Affinity and Avidity
Overview
01:25Immunodeficiency Diseases
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...