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Related Concept Videos

PCR01:32

PCR

Overview
Real Time RT-PCR02:57

Real Time RT-PCR

Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction01:32

PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction

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RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends02:35

RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, is one of the most effective methods to obtain a full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence between a known internal region to the unknown sequence at the 5’ or 3’ end. The unknown region is cloned in the cDNA by a gene-specific primer that binds the known end, and a hybrid primer that attaches a predefined anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. The sequence in between is amplified by PCR with an anchor primer and a gene-specific primer.
Since the...
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Assessment of DNA Contamination in RNA Samples Based on Ribosomal DNA
13:16

Assessment of DNA Contamination in RNA Samples Based on Ribosomal DNA

Published on: January 22, 2018

Methodological issues in polymerase chain reaction for RNA.

A D Rasmussen1

  • 1PE Applied Biosystems, Norwalk, CT.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|March 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Studying gene expression requires understanding RNA, but its labile nature makes low-abundance RNA difficult to analyze. New methods are needed to study RNA at the nucleic acid level for comprehensive gene and protein analysis.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle
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Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Published on: March 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Understanding gene function necessitates studying gene expression at the protein and amino acid levels.
  • Current techniques primarily focus on protein analysis, with limited options for nucleic acid-level investigation.
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is crucial for studying gene expression at the nucleic acid level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the challenges in studying RNA, particularly at the nucleic acid level.
  • To emphasize the need for improved methods for analyzing RNA, especially when present in low abundance.
  • To underscore the importance of RNA analysis for a comprehensive understanding of gene and protein functionality.

Main Methods:

  • The abstract does not specify methods but discusses the challenges of studying RNA.
  • It implies a need for techniques that can overcome RNA's inherent instability.
  • Focus is on the limitations of current approaches for low-abundance RNA analysis.

Main Results:

  • RNA is a labile, single-stranded molecule, making it difficult to study.
  • Low-abundance RNA within cells presents significant analytical challenges.
  • Existing methods are insufficient for comprehensive nucleic acid-level RNA studies.

Conclusions:

  • Studying RNA at the nucleic acid level is essential for understanding gene expression and protein functionality.
  • The labile nature of RNA and its low abundance in cells pose significant research hurdles.
  • Development of novel techniques is required to effectively analyze RNA for biological insights.