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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

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Ordering double perovskite hydroxides by kinetically controlled aqueous hydrolysis.

James R Neilson1, Joshua A Kurzman, Ram Seshadri

  • 1Biomolecular Science & Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.

Inorganic Chemistry
|March 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized ordered double perovskite hydroxides, MnSn(OH)6 and CoSn(OH)6, using fluoride-controlled hydrolysis. These materials exhibit unique magnetic properties, with Mn(II) showing paramagnetism and Co(II) displaying antiferromagnetic interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Crystalline materials with ordered metal cations require precise synthesis conditions.
  • Double perovskite hydroxides (BB'(OH)6) are a class of materials with potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of ordered double perovskite hydroxides, specifically MnSn(OH)6 and CoSn(OH)6.
  • To explore the role of kinetic control and fluoride anions in achieving stoichiometric and ordered precipitation.
  • To characterize the structural and magnetic properties of the synthesized compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Aqueous hydrolysis of simple metal salt solutions under kinetic control.
  • High-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction for structural analysis.
  • Magnetic susceptibility measurements from 2 K to room temperature.
  • Maximum entropy image restoration and Rietveld analysis for electron density and structural refinement.

Main Results:

  • Ordered MnSn(OH)6 and CoSn(OH)6 were successfully synthesized, with precipitation yields dependent on the specific divalent metal ion (Mn(II) or Co(II)).
  • Fluoride anions were crucial in preventing uncontrolled Sn(IV) hydrolysis, enabling ordered compound formation.
  • Structural analysis revealed octahedral distortion and tilting, with minimal anti-site disorder and strongly ionic bonding.
  • Magnetic studies showed paramagnetic behavior for MnSn(OH)6 and uncompensated antiferromagnetic interactions in CoSn(OH)6 due to single-ion anisotropy.

Conclusions:

  • Kinetic control of aqueous hydrolysis, facilitated by fluoride, is an effective strategy for synthesizing ordered double perovskite hydroxides.
  • The synthesized MnSn(OH)6 and CoSn(OH)6 compounds possess distinct structural and magnetic characteristics.
  • These findings provide insights into the synthesis and properties of a novel class of inorganic materials.