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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence
09:54

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence

Published on: March 8, 2020

Association between heroin dependence and prodynorphin gene polymorphisms.

S G Wei1, Y S Zhu, J H Lai

  • 1Department of Forensic Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Science, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China.

Brain Research Bulletin
|March 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Genetic variations in the prodynorphin (PDYN) gene are linked to heroin dependence. Specifically, the PDYN 68bp VNTR H allele and TCT haplotype showed higher frequencies in heroin-dependent individuals, suggesting a genetic predisposition.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence
09:54

Combining Laser Capture Microdissection and Microfluidic qPCR to Analyze Transcriptional Profiles of Single Cells: A Systems Biology Approach to Opioid Dependence

Published on: March 8, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Dynorphin peptides and kappa-opioid receptors play a crucial role in the rewarding effects of drugs, including heroin.
  • Genetic factors are increasingly recognized for their contribution to substance use disorders like heroin dependence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the prodynorphin (PDYN) gene and heroin dependence.
  • To analyze the relationship between PDYN gene variants and heroin use disorder.

Main Methods:

  • Case-control study involving 304 heroin-dependent subjects and 300 healthy controls.
  • Genotyping of four PDYN gene SNPs (rs35286281, rs1022563, rs2235749, rs910080) using standard genetic analysis software.
  • Statistical analysis of genotype and allele frequencies, linkage disequilibrium, and haplotype analysis.

Main Results:

  • A significantly higher frequency of the PDYN 68bp VNTR (rs35286281) H allele was observed in heroin-dependent subjects compared to controls (p=0.002).
  • Strong linkage disequilibrium was found among SNPs rs1022563, rs2235749, and rs910080 (D'>0.9).
  • The TCT haplotype was significantly more prevalent in heroin-dependent patients (p=0.006), and these three variants showed a significant correlation with heroin dependence.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence supporting the significant role of prodynorphin (PDYN) gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to heroin dependence.
  • These findings highlight PDYN variants as potential genetic risk factors for heroin dependence and warrant further investigation.