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Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...

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In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
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Cytoplasmic intron sequence-retaining transcripts can be dendritically targeted via ID element retrotransposons.

Peter T Buckley1, Miler T Lee, Jai-Yoon Sul

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Neuron
|March 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Introns are retained in neuronal mRNAs targeting dendrites, a process mediated by ID elements from SINE retrotransposons. This intron retention influences protein function and RNA distribution in neurons.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Splicing traditionally removes intronic sequences from RNA precursors in the nucleus to form mature mRNA.
  • The precise mechanisms and functional roles of intronic sequences in mature mRNA, particularly in neuronal compartments, remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and function of retained intronic sequences in dendritically-targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs).
  • To identify the elements responsible for dendritic targeting of specific RNA transcripts.

Main Methods:

  • Microarray and Illumina sequencing of isolated dendritic mRNA.
  • In situ hybridization to visualize RNA localization within neurons.
  • Analysis of SINE retrotransposon elements within retained introns.

Main Results:

  • Intronic sequences are retained in a significant subset of dendritically-targeted mRNAs.
  • Many retained introns contain ID elements, a type of SINE retrotransposon.
  • ID elements are necessary for the dendritic targeting of both exogenous and endogenous transcripts, acting as a common targeting element.

Conclusions:

  • Intron retention is a more widespread phenomenon in neuronal mRNA targeting than previously recognized.
  • ID elements within retained introns play a crucial role in directing RNA to neuronal dendrites.
  • Retained introns, particularly ID elements, link RNA localization to protein function and neuronal biology.