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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Obtaining High-Quality Transcriptome Data from Cereal Seeds by a Modified Method for Gene Expression Profiling
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Published on: May 21, 2020

Evolutionary transients in the rice transcriptome.

Jun Wang1, Jianguo Zhang, Ruiqiang Li

  • 1Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China. wangj@genomics.org.cn

Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics
|March 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene duplication drives evolutionary innovation, creating "evolutionary transients" that explain genome size differences. This process accounts for the higher gene count in rice compared to Arabidopsis.

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Published on: September 2, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Evolution

Background:

  • Gene duplication is a primary mechanism for evolutionary novelty.
  • One gene copy typically remains conserved, while the other accumulates mutations.
  • This process, termed evolutionary experimentation, can be transient on evolutionary timescales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of evolutionary transients in genome evolution.
  • To explain the significant difference in gene number between rice and Arabidopsis.
  • To understand the low sequence similarity of excess rice genes to eudicots.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the rice gene set as a case study.
  • Comparative genomics to assess gene content and similarity.
  • Examination of gene duplication events and their evolutionary fate.

Main Results:

  • A substantial fraction of genomes and transcriptomes may consist of evolutionary transients.
  • The phenomenon of evolutionary transients helps explain the higher gene count in rice versus Arabidopsis.
  • Most of the excess rice genes exhibit low similarity to their eudicot counterparts.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary transients, arising from gene duplication, are a significant factor in genome evolution.
  • This model provides a compelling explanation for observed differences in gene content between plant species.
  • The study highlights the dynamic nature of genomes shaped by ongoing evolutionary processes.