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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Oral Cavity01:11

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...

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Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement for Management of Halitosis in Dogs
07:33

Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement for Management of Halitosis in Dogs

Published on: July 6, 2015

Extra-oral halitosis: an overview.

A Tangerman1, E G Winkel

  • 1Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Department of Periodontology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. a.tangerman@mdl.umcn.nl

Journal of Breath Research
|March 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Differentiating intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis is crucial for effective treatment. Intra-oral halitosis stems from the mouth, often from tongue coating, while extra-oral halitosis can indicate serious underlying diseases.

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Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement for Management of Halitosis in Dogs
07:33

Therapeutic Effectiveness of a Dietary Supplement for Management of Halitosis in Dogs

Published on: July 6, 2015

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
09:44

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Published on: October 20, 2011

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
10:42

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Otolaryngology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Halitosis is categorized as intra-oral or extra-oral based on its origin.
  • Intra-oral halitosis commonly arises from bacterial degradation of amino acids on the tongue, in saliva, or periodontal pockets, producing volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs).
  • Extra-oral halitosis, accounting for 5-10% of cases, can be non-blood-borne (respiratory tract) or blood-borne, often involving VSCs like dimethyl sulfide.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis.
  • To highlight the importance of identifying the origin of halitosis for appropriate management.
  • To discuss the role of VSCs and odor characterization in halitosis research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on halitosis causes and classification.
  • Discussion of bacterial sources and metabolic pathways producing VSCs.
  • Explanation of odor characterization techniques, including odor index and threshold values.

Main Results:

  • Tongue coating is a primary source of VSCs in intra-oral halitosis.
  • Blood-borne extra-oral halitosis is frequently linked to VSCs and may signal serious systemic conditions.
  • Accurate differentiation between intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis is essential for effective treatment strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Distinguishing between intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis is critical for patient management.
  • Extra-oral halitosis requires careful evaluation due to potential links to severe diseases.
  • Odor characterization aids in understanding and researching halitosis.