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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Entanglement in a molecular three-qubit system.

Amit Kumar Pal1, Indrani Bose

  • 1Department of Physics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|March 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study explores quantum entanglement in a three-qubit molecular system. Researchers found quantum phase transitions and quantified entanglement using concurrence, relevant for molecular qubits.

Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Molecular magnetism
  • Quantum information science

Background:

  • Molecular systems offer a platform for quantum information processing.
  • Understanding entanglement in multi-qubit systems is crucial for quantum technologies.
  • Anisotropic exchange interactions and magnetic fields influence quantum states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the entanglement properties of a molecular three-qubit system.
  • To analyze quantum phase transitions induced by Hamiltonian parameters.
  • To quantify pairwise entanglement (nearest-neighbour and next-nearest-neighbour) in ground and thermal states.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian with anisotropic exchange interactions.
  • Analyzing a three-qubit open-ended chain model.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

  • Calculating ground and thermal state concurrences as a function of Hamiltonian parameters (x, y) and temperature (T).
  • Determining entanglement threshold and gap temperatures.

    • Main Results:

    • The system exhibits first-order quantum phase transitions at specific parameter values.
    • Pairwise entanglement, including nearest-neighbour and next-nearest-neighbour, was quantified.
    • Entanglement properties were mapped as a function of anisotropy, magnetic field, and temperature.
    • Entanglement threshold and gap temperatures were determined based on anisotropy.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides insights into the entanglement dynamics of molecular three-qubit systems.
    • Results are relevant for understanding entanglement in engineered molecular systems like Cr(7)Ni-Cu(2+)-Cr(7)Ni.
    • The findings contribute to the development of molecular qubits and quantum information processing.