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Related Concept Videos

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete01:22

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
Concrete in areas between tide marks, which undergo...
Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...
Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...
Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction facilitates the...
Aquaporins01:25

Aquaporins

Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
10:56

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

The effect of confinement on water structure.

R Mancinelli1

  • 1CNR Istituto Sistemi Complessi, via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy. mancinelli@fis.uniroma3.it

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|March 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Neutron diffraction reveals that water structure within MCM41-S15 is significantly affected by the substrate and temperature. Standard analysis is insufficient; a revised approach is needed for confined water studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Neutron Scattering

Background:

  • Understanding water behavior in nanoporous materials is crucial for various applications.
  • MCM41-S15 is a mesoporous silica material with potential for water confinement studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural properties of water confined in MCM41-S15 using neutron diffraction.
  • To analyze the influence of the substrate and temperature on confined water structure.

Main Methods:

  • Neutron diffraction experiments utilizing hydrogen isotope substitution.
  • Analysis of diffraction data using a revised empirical potential structure refinement technique.

Main Results:

  • The substrate significantly influences the structure of confined water.
  • This influence is temperature-dependent, with notable differences at 300 K and 210 K.
  • Geometrical constraints and symmetry breaking by the MCM41-S15 walls impact water structure.

Conclusions:

  • Standard analysis methods are inadequate for confined water due to substrate effects.
  • A modified analytical approach is necessary for accurate characterization of water in nanoporous media.
  • The study highlights the complexity of water-substrate interactions in confined environments.