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Related Concept Videos

Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate resistance.
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is critical—it...
Concrete01:20

Concrete

Concrete is a vital construction material extensively used worldwide, primarily valued for its strength, durability, and versatility, which it provides for various structural designs. Concrete generally comprises ingredients like Portland cement, coarse gravel, fine sand, and water. Concrete can be mixed by simple hand methods or industrially at computer-controlled plants. The mixture consists of aggregates and a paste made from water and Portland cement. This paste coats the aggregates and,...

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Published on: November 14, 2025

Cement: a two thousand year old nano-colloid.

Francesca Ridi1, Emiliano Fratini, Piero Baglioni

  • 1Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino-Florence 50019, Italy.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|March 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cement, a vital synthetic material, still holds mysteries in its hydration and nanostructure. A colloidal model, considering the layer-like structure of its units, is key to fully understanding cement properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Civil Engineering

Background:

  • Cement is a foundational synthetic material with extensive historical and modern applications.
  • Despite extensive research, fundamental aspects of cement properties remain incompletely understood.
  • Key knowledge gaps exist in hydration kinetics, additive effects, and the nanostructure of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings in cement science.
  • To highlight the need for advanced models to describe cement's complex properties.
  • To propose a colloidal model for cement microstructure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific results in cement research.
  • Analysis of existing literature on cement hydration and nanostructure.
  • Development and application of a colloidal model framework.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies offer new insights into cement hydration and C-S-H nanostructure.
  • A colloidal model effectively explains cement microstructure characteristics.
  • The layer-like structure of colloidal units is crucial for this model.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of cement requires advanced models.
  • The proposed colloidal model, incorporating layer-like structures, provides a robust framework.
  • This approach is essential for fully characterizing cement's unique properties.