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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
08:01

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

Published on: May 1, 2018

Inertial effects in diffusion-limited reactions.

N Dorsaz1, C De Michele, F Piazza

  • 1Institute of Theoretical Physics and Institut Romand de Recherche Numérique en Physique des Matériaux, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. nicolas.dorsaz@a3epfl.ch

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|March 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an event-driven Brownian dynamics algorithm to model diffusion-limited reactions, accurately capturing inertial effects in biological systems for better understanding of cellular processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Diffusion-limited reactions are crucial in cellular processes like enzyme catalysis and macromolecular binding.
  • Traditional Smoluchowski models often neglect inertial effects, which can be significant in biological media.
  • Physical boundaries introduce complex time and space constraints in non-bulk phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel numerical scheme for simulating diffusion-limited reactions.
  • To incorporate inertial effects into reaction modeling across various velocity relaxation times.
  • To provide a robust tool for studying diffusion-guided reactions in complex biological environments.

Main Methods:

  • An event-driven Brownian dynamics algorithm was developed.
  • The algorithm explores a wide range of velocity relaxation times, from diffusive to underdamped regimes.
  • Numerical simulations were validated against the Fokker-Planck equation with absorbing boundary conditions.

Main Results:

  • The novel algorithm accurately reproduces Fokker-Planck solutions across all tested regimes.
  • It successfully models systems with both purely diffusive and inertial dynamics.
  • The method demonstrates effectiveness in simulating reactions influenced by physical boundaries.

Conclusions:

  • The event-driven Brownian dynamics scheme is a versatile tool for studying diffusion-limited reactions.
  • It accurately accounts for inertial effects, improving biological system modeling.
  • This approach enhances the understanding of complex reaction dynamics in cellular environments.