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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Progesterone, progestins, and the heart.

Paula Bernstein¹, Gerald Pohost

¹Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

|March 11, 2011

Summary

Combination hormone replacement therapy (HRT) involves estrogen and progestational agents. Different progestogens have varying cardiovascular effects, impacting risks like heart attack and stroke.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Cardiovascular Medicine
Pharmacology

Background:

Combination hormone replacement therapy (HRT) regimens include estrogen and progestational agents.
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial linked conjugated estrogen with medroxyprogesterone to increased risks of myocardial infarction and stroke.
Progestational agents possess distinct cardiovascular properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the cardiovascular properties of commonly prescribed progestational agents.
To compare the effects of progesterone, medroxyprogesterone, norethindrone, and norethindrone acetate on cardiovascular health.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on common progestational agents.
Comparison of data on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and clotting function markers.

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Review of studies assessing direct effects on cardiac vessels.

Main Results:

Medroxyprogesterone use in the WHI trial was associated with increased cardiovascular risks.
Progestational agents differ in their impact on lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and coagulation.
Direct vascular effects vary among progesterone, medroxyprogesterone, norethindrone, and norethindrone acetate.

Conclusions:

The choice of progestational agent in HRT may influence cardiovascular outcomes.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the cardiovascular safety profiles of different progestogens.