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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...

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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Phase separation induced by ladder-like polymer-polymer complexation.

Issei Nakamura1, An-Chang Shi

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. nakamur@caltech.edu

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|March 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores polymer-polymer complexation using self-consistent field theory, revealing ladder-like duplex formation and unconventional phase behavior driven by solvent interactions, not just binding.

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Polymer-polymer complexation is crucial in materials science.
  • Understanding complexation behavior in solution is essential for designing new materials.
  • Traditional models often rely on specific binding interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate polymer-polymer complexation in solution using an extended self-consistent field theory.
  • To model polymers capable of forming ladder-like duplex structures.
  • To explore the role of solvent-polymer interactions in complexation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an extension of the self-consistent field theory.
  • Modeled polymers capable of forming ladder-like duplex structures.
  • Analyzed phase behavior and transitions.

Main Results:

  • Duplex formation occurs via an abrupt entropic change, indicating a first-order transition.
  • Solvent-polymer interactions can stabilize complexation, offering an alternative to specific binding.
  • Predicted unconventional phase diagrams, including lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior and multiphase coexistence.
  • Observed instability of homogeneous phases with decreased polymer chain length under specific conditions, diverging from standard Flory-Huggins theory.

Conclusions:

  • The extended self-consistent field theory provides a robust framework for studying complex polymer systems.
  • Solvent-mediated interactions offer a novel mechanism for polymer complexation.
  • The predicted unconventional phase behavior opens new avenues for polymer material design and manipulation.