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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Scapular-muscle performance: two training programs in adolescent swimmers.

Annemie Van de Velde1, Kristof De Mey, Annelies Maenhout

  • 1Arteveldehogeschool Ghent, Belgium. annemie.vandevelde@ugent.be

Journal of Athletic Training
|March 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Strength and endurance training programs both enhanced shoulder strength in adolescent swimmers. However, neither program improved scapular muscle endurance, suggesting specific training needs for swimmers.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Swimming demands balanced scapular muscle function.
  • Swimmers often undertake shoulder strength training, but the optimal program type (strength vs. endurance) is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess isokinetic scapular muscle performance in adolescent swimmers.
  • To compare the effects of strength-focused versus endurance-focused scapular training programs.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled laboratory study involving 18 adolescent swimmers.
  • A 12-week scapular training program focused on either strength or endurance.
  • Measured bilateral peak force, fatigue index, and protraction/retraction strength ratios pre- and post-training.

Main Results:

  • Protraction/retraction ratios were slightly above 1, indicating potential imbalances.
  • Nondominant side protraction and retraction strength significantly improved post-training.
  • No significant differences in peak force or fatigue index between training groups.
  • Fatigue indexes for protraction (both sides) and nondominant retraction improved post-training.

Conclusions:

  • Both strength and endurance programs increased absolute scapular muscle strength in adolescent swimmers.
  • Neither training approach positively impacted scapular muscle endurance.
  • Findings offer guidance for coaches and physiotherapists designing swimmer training regimens.