Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as SH2...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Loss of Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA 1 Induces Panoptosis and Immune Response in Ulcerative Colitis Gut Mucosa.

MedComm·2025

Same author

Smad7 is a negative regulator of immunogenic cell death in colorectal cancer.

Oncoimmunology·2025

Same author

Bromodomain-Containing 4 Is a Positive Regulator of Interleukin-34 Production in the Gut.

Cells·2024

Same author

Targeting hepcidin in colorectal cancer triggers a TNF-dependent-gasdermin E-driven immunogenic cell death response.

Experimental hematology & oncology·2024

Same author

Rafoxanide negatively modulates STAT3 and NF-κB activity and inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis.

Cancer science·2024

Same author

Bromodomain-containing 4 is a positive regulator of the inflammatory cytokine response in the gut.

Journal of Crohn's & colitis·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Visualization of IL-22-expressing Lymphocytes Using Reporter Mice

Visualization of IL-22-expressing Lymphocytes Using Reporter Mice

Published on: January 25, 2017

Targeting interleukin-21 in inflammatory diseases.

Massimiliano Sarra¹, Eleonora Franzè, Francesco Pallone

¹Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets

|March 12, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) plays a key role in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Targeting IL-21 may offer therapeutic benefits for immune-mediated conditions, but potential risks must be considered.

More Related Videos

Evaluation of the In vivo Antitumor Activity of Polyanhydride IL-1α Nanoparticles

Evaluation of the In vivo Antitumor Activity of Polyanhydride IL-1α Nanoparticles

Published on: June 28, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Visualization of IL-22-expressing Lymphocytes Using Reporter Mice

Visualization of IL-22-expressing Lymphocytes Using Reporter Mice

Published on: January 25, 2017

Evaluation of the In vivo Antitumor Activity of Polyanhydride IL-1α Nanoparticles

Evaluation of the In vivo Antitumor Activity of Polyanhydride IL-1α Nanoparticles

Published on: June 28, 2021

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cytokine Biology
Inflammation Research

Background:

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a type 1 cytokine produced by CD4(+) T cells.
It binds to a receptor complex involving the IL-21 receptor and common γ-chain.
IL-21 regulates diverse immune and non-immune cell activities.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the biological characteristics of IL-21.
To summarize IL-21's role in chronic inflammatory diseases.
To evaluate IL-21 blockers as potential therapies for immune-mediated diseases and their associated risks.

Main Methods:

Literature review of IL-21's biological features.
Summary of recent research on IL-21's pathogenic role in chronic inflammation.
Discussion of therapeutic potential and risks of IL-21 blockade.

Main Results:

IL-21 is implicated in the initiation and progression of autoimmune inflammatory reactions.
Self-reactive immune cells and antibodies driven by IL-21 can cause tissue damage.
IL-21 blockade is theoretically proposed to reduce inflammation and tissue damage.

Conclusions:

IL-21 is critically involved in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
Targeting IL-21 may attenuate inflammatory pathways and resolve immune-mediated tissue damage.
Potential risks associated with IL-21 blockade require careful consideration.