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Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Meristems and Plant Growth

Meristems and Plant Growth

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Morphogenesis

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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

Cell Signaling in Plants

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the atmosphere, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Robotic Sensing and Stimuli Provision for Guided Plant Growth

Robotic Sensing and Stimuli Provision for Guided Plant Growth

Published on: July 1, 2019

A framework integrating plant growth with hormones and nutrients.

Gabriel Krouk¹, Sandrine Ruffel, Rodrigo A Gutiérrez

¹Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA. gk40@nyu.edu

Trends in Plant Science

|March 12, 2011

Summary

Plant nutrient availability and hormonal signals intricately regulate plant development. This article explores how nitrogen and other nutrients interact with plant hormones, proposing a regulatory cycle for growth and metabolism.

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Nutritional Signaling
Hormonal Regulation

Background:

Nutrient availability is a primary driver of plant development.
Plant development is modulated by complex hormonal signaling networks.
Emerging evidence highlights the interplay between nutritional status and hormonal control.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the mechanisms by which nitrogen signals influence plant hormonal status.
To explore the reciprocal interactions between hormonal signals and nitrogen nutrition.
To propose a conceptual model for nutrient-hormone signaling in plant growth.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of current research on nutrient-hormone interactions.
Analysis of signaling pathways mediating nutrient and hormonal regulation.
Conceptual framework development for nutrient-growth regulation.

Main Results:

Nitrogen signaling directly impacts the hormonal balance in plants.
Hormonal signals modulate plant responses to nitrogen availability.
A multi-level, feed-forward regulatory cycle links nutrition, hormones, and plant growth.

Conclusions:

Nutrient and hormonal signaling are tightly coordinated, forming a regulatory network.
The proposed model offers a framework for understanding plant growth, development, and metabolism.
This research provides insights for future studies on plant nutrition and signaling pathways.