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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Published on: May 1, 2018

Altered muscle activation following hamstring injuries.

Gisela Sole¹, Stephan Milosavljevic, Helen Nicholson

¹Centre of Physiotherapy Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. gisela.sole@otago.ac.nz

British Journal of Sports Medicine

|March 12, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sportspeople with hamstring injuries show earlier hamstring muscle activation during single-leg stance. This altered neuromuscular control in both injured and uninjured legs may impact rehabilitation strategies.

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Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Sports Medicine
Biomechanics
Neuromuscular Physiology

Background:

Hamstring injuries are common in sports, often leading to recurrent issues.
Understanding the neuromuscular control deficits post-injury is crucial for effective rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare electromyographic (EMG) activity of gluteal and thigh muscles in athletes with recent hamstring injuries versus uninjured controls.
To investigate muscle activation patterns during a weight-bearing task.

Main Methods:

Cross-sectional study conducted in a university laboratory.
16 participants with hamstring injuries (HG) and 18 controls (CG) were recruited.
EMG activity of gluteal, quadriceps, and hamstring muscles was recorded during a double- to single-leg movement.

Main Results:

The hamstring-injured group (HG) exhibited significantly earlier EMG onsets for biceps femoris and medial hamstrings on both injured and uninjured sides.
No significant differences in EMG onsets were observed for gluteal and quadriceps muscles between groups.
These findings suggest altered motor control in hamstring muscles following injury.

Conclusions:

Earlier hamstring muscle activation in the HG indicates a potential alteration in neuromuscular control.
Altered neuromuscular control following hamstring injury may be a critical factor in rehabilitation.
This highlights the need to address motor control deficits during recovery.