Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Seed Plants03:40

Introduction to Seed Plants

Most plants are seed plants—characterized by seeds, pollen, and reduced gametophytes. Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte02:33

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.
Seedless Vascular Plants03:24

Seedless Vascular Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants Were the First Tall Plants on Earth
Non-vascular Seedless Plants02:26

Non-vascular Seedless Plants

The diverse plant life on Earth—consisting of nearly 400,000 species—can be divided into three broad categories based on biological characteristics: nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seed plants.
Introduction to Plant Diversity02:22

Introduction to Plant Diversity

From Water to Land
Monohybrid Crosses01:20

Monohybrid Crosses

Overview

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Convergence, stability, and thermal adaptation of the rubisco large subunit in plants.

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution·2026
Same author

C<sub>4</sub> photosynthetic anatomy is associated with higher leaf hydraulic conductance and capacitance in Alloteropsis semialata.

The New phytologist·2026
Same author

Cold Origins Limit the Establishment of Northern Temperate Plants in the Southern Hemisphere.

Systematic biology·2026
Same author

Regulatory features determine the evolutionary fate of laterally acquired genes in plants.

Molecular biology and evolution·2026
Same author

Evolution of competitiveness during wheat domestication.

Current biology : CB·2026
Same author

Phylogenomic analyses of the diverse desert-alpine plant lineage Cistantheae.

Annals of botany·2025
Same journal

A sugar flow model predicts cell dynamics, weight and quality of tomato at varying sink-source ratios and temperatures.

Journal of experimental botany·2026
Same journal

Crosstalks between plant proteostasis and chromatin remodeling machineries.

Journal of experimental botany·2026
Same journal

Novel Imaging Approaches for Visualising Root-Mycorrhizal Fungal Interactions.

Journal of experimental botany·2026
Same journal

The ga3ox1b mutation reveals the crosstalk between gibberellin and other phytohormones in controlling the growth and development of female flowers in Cucurbita pepo.

Journal of experimental botany·2026
Same journal

Increased grain weight conferred by GW2 mutations in wheat does not translate into yield gains in multi-year field trials of near-isogenic lines.

Journal of experimental botany·2026
Same journal

Serendipita indica promotes rice phosphorus uptake by plasma membrane H+-ATPase OsA1-stimulated root hair growth.

Journal of experimental botany·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Assessing Structural Traits in Triticum aestivum and Zea mays for C3 and C4 Photosynthetic Differentiation Using Free-hand and Semi-thin Sections
06:04

Assessing Structural Traits in Triticum aestivum and Zea mays for C3 and C4 Photosynthetic Differentiation Using Free-hand and Semi-thin Sections

Published on: July 12, 2024

C(4) eudicots are not younger than C(4) monocots.

Pascal-Antoine Christin1, Colin P Osborne, Rowan F Sage

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St, Box G-W, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Pascal-Antoine_Christin@brown.edu

Journal of Experimental Botany
|March 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The evolution of C4 photosynthesis in eudicots occurred over the last 30 million years, not necessarily after C4 grasses. Environmental factors, not just CO2 levels, drove these adaptations.

More Related Videos

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination
12:01

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination

Published on: December 31, 2012

A Versatile Glass Jar System for Semihydroponic Root Exudate Profiling
06:33

A Versatile Glass Jar System for Semihydroponic Root Exudate Profiling

Published on: November 17, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Assessing Structural Traits in Triticum aestivum and Zea mays for C3 and C4 Photosynthetic Differentiation Using Free-hand and Semi-thin Sections
06:04

Assessing Structural Traits in Triticum aestivum and Zea mays for C3 and C4 Photosynthetic Differentiation Using Free-hand and Semi-thin Sections

Published on: July 12, 2024

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination
12:01

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination

Published on: December 31, 2012

A Versatile Glass Jar System for Semihydroponic Root Exudate Profiling
06:33

A Versatile Glass Jar System for Semihydroponic Root Exudate Profiling

Published on: November 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Paleoclimatology

Background:

  • C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation to reduce photorespiration, particularly under low atmospheric CO2.
  • Previous models suggested C4 eudicots evolved later than C4 grasses due to CO2 thresholds.
  • Phylogenetic and molecular dating supported a later origin for C4 grasses in the Oligocene.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct the first comparative analysis of C4 origins in eudicots using combined phylogenetic datasets.
  • To test the hypothesis that C4 eudicots are globally younger than C4 grasses.
  • To investigate the factors driving independent C4 origins in different plant lineages.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analyses using combined datasets.
  • Molecular dating of C4 origins.
  • Comparative analysis of C4 eudicot ages.

Main Results:

  • All C4 eudicot lineages originated within the last 30 million years.
  • Earliest C4 eudicots appeared before 22 Ma (Chenopodiaceae, Aizoaceae); latest possibly after 2 Ma (Flaveria).
  • C4 eudicots are not globally younger than C4 monocots; all evolved in a similar low CO2 atmosphere.

Conclusions:

  • C4 eudicots and monocots evolved under similar low CO2 conditions over the last 30 million years.
  • Independent C4 origins were influenced by specific local ecological factors and clade history.
  • Lower species counts and C3-C4 intermediate frequency in eudicots are due to diversification rates, not recent origin.