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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro
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A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro

Published on: June 16, 2022

Hyperocclusion stimulates osteoclastogenesis via CCL2 expression.

K T Goto1, H Kajiya, T Nemoto

  • 1Department of Dental Hygiene, Fukuoka College of Health Sciences, Fukuoka 8140193, Japan.

Journal of Dental Research
|March 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Excessive mechanical stress (MS) triggers chemokine release in periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, driving bone loss. This study reveals CC chemokine ligand (CCL)2

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Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
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Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

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Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes
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Published on: January 27, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Oral biology
  • Periodontology
  • Biomedical engineering

Background:

  • Excessive mechanical stress (MS) from hyperocclusion causes alveolar bone destruction and occlusal traumatism.
  • The role of chemokines in mediating MS-induced osteoclastogenesis in the periodontal ligament (PDL) is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that MS induces osteoclastogenesis-associated chemokines in PDL tissue.
  • To examine the relationship between chemokine expression and osteoclastogenesis under mechanical stress.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in vitro and in vivo hyperocclusion models to simulate excessive mechanical stress.
  • Analyzed chemokine expression (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5) in PDL cells and tissues using intermittent stretching and hyperocclusion.
  • Assessed receptor expression (CCR2) in pre-osteoclasts and quantified osteoclast activity (tartrate-resistant acid-phosphatase-positive cells).

Main Results:

  • Intermittent stretching in vitro increased CCL2, CCL3, and CCL5 expression in PDL cells.
  • In vivo models showed significant upregulation of CCL2 in PDL tissues and CCR2 in pre-osteoclasts 4-7 days post-stress.
  • Mechanical stress predominantly induced CCL2, promoting cell migration and osteoclast formation, leading to bone loss.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical stress during hyperocclusion upregulates CCL2 expression in PDL tissue.
  • CCL2 signaling drives chemotaxis and osteoclastogenesis, contributing to alveolar bone destruction in occlusal traumatism.
  • Targeting CCL2 may offer a therapeutic strategy for mechanical stress-induced bone loss.