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Related Concept Videos

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
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The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
07:01

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Published on: August 6, 2015

Heterotopic ossification has some nerve.

Elizabeth Salisbury1, Corinne Sonnet, Michael Heggeness

  • 1Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; and Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression
|March 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) involves bone formation in abnormal locations. This review explores how peripheral nerves and neurogenic inflammation contribute to HO development after injury.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Orthopedics
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Heterotopic ossification (HO) is bone formation in non-skeletal tissues.
  • Causes include trauma, CNS injury, and genetic factors.
  • The role of the peripheral nervous system in HO is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of local peripheral nerves in heterotopic ossification.
  • To examine how neurogenic inflammation influences HO.
  • To investigate the link between bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) expression and nerve signaling in HO.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on peripheral nerve involvement in HO.
  • Analysis of neurogenic inflammation pathways.
  • Examination of BMP expression in the context of peripheral nerve stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Traumatic injury triggers neurogenic inflammation via neuropeptide release (e.g., substance P).
  • This inflammation recruits platelets, mast cells, and neutrophils, aiding nerve repair and potentially bone marrow cell recruitment.
  • Peripheral nerves relay injury information to the brain, influencing neuroendocrine repair signals.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral nerves play a critical role in the induction of heterotopic ossification.
  • Neurogenic inflammation and altered BMP expression are key mechanisms.
  • Understanding these pathways may lead to new therapeutic strategies for HO.