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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that typically begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a uniform pattern. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental influences. These factors converge to impair the colon’s epithelial defenses and promote an exaggerated inflammatory response against luminal contents.Breakdown of the Mucosal BarrierA...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology01:28

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by the development of ulcers in the stomach or duodenal mucosa. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving a balance between damaging and protective elements.
Damaging agents such as Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can weaken the mucosal defense, allowing hydrogen ions to infiltrate back and harm epithelial cells.
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors01:24

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors

Peptic ulcer disease, commonly called PUD, represents a multifaceted condition characterized by disruptions in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI)  tract. Central to the protection of the gastrointestinal lining is the mucosal-bicarbonate barrier. This physiological defense mechanism is a formidable shield against the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach. Its role is pivotal in maintaining the structural integrity of the stomach's inner lining. Bicarbonate,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
12:23

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

[Bullous pemphigoid: a review].

P Bernard1, J Charneux

  • 1Service de dermatologie, CHU de Reims, 47 rue Serge-Kochman, Reims, France. pbernard@chu-reims.fr

Annales De Dermatologie Et De Venereologie
|March 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Topical corticosteroids are effective for bullous pemphigoid (BP) with fewer side effects than oral steroids. Combination therapies with immunosuppressants or plasma exchange for BP require further investigation.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most prevalent autoimmune blistering disease.
  • Treatment challenges arise from the elderly demographic and frequent comorbidities of affected patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of various treatment modalities for bullous pemphigoid (BP).
  • To synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and large retrospective series to inform clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed and Embase up to March 2009 to identify relevant randomized therapeutic trials (RCTs).
  • Large retrospective series with consistent therapeutic approaches were also included for analysis.
  • Forty-four articles, including nine RCTs with 1007 participants, were analyzed.

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Technique of Conjunctival Biopsy and Direct Immunofluorescence for Diagnosing Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
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A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo
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A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering
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Granulocyte-dependent Autoantibody-induced Skin Blistering

Published on: October 12, 2012

Technique of Conjunctival Biopsy and Direct Immunofluorescence for Diagnosing Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
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Technique of Conjunctival Biopsy and Direct Immunofluorescence for Diagnosing Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

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A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo
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A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

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Main Results:

  • High-dose ultrapotent topical corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol propionate) demonstrated superior initial disease control and improved 1-year survival in extensive BP compared to oral prednisone.
  • Two RCTs indicated that adding plasma exchange or azathioprine to prednisone could reduce the required prednisone dosage.
  • No significant differences in disease control or mortality were observed in a 3-arm RCT comparing plasma exchange or azathioprine with prednisone. Studies on tetracycline plus nicotinamide and comparisons of different immunosuppressants (azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil) with prednisone did not show significant advantages.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrapotent topical corticosteroids offer an effective treatment for BP with a better systemic side-effect profile than high-dose oral corticosteroids.
  • While systemic corticosteroids are effective, dosages exceeding 0.5mg/kg/day are linked to severe adverse events, including reduced survival.
  • The added benefits of plasma exchange or immunosuppressants to systemic corticosteroids for BP remain unproven, and combination therapy with tetracycline and nicotinamide warrants further research.