Experimental primary and secondary infections of domestic dogs with Ehrlichia ewingii

In this study, the infection dynamics of Ehrlichia ewingii, causative agent of granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis in dogs and humans, was examined in experimentally infected dogs by using a combination of physical examination, hematologic and biochemical analyses, and molecular and serologic assays. For the experimental trials, blood from an E. ewingii-infected dog was inoculated intravenously into two naïve dogs and two dogs with prior experimental exposure to E. ewingii (both were negative for E. ewingii DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, but seropositive from initial infection 8 and 10 months prior to challenge). A negative control dog was inoculated with blood from a negative dog. The two primary infection dogs were positive for E. ewingii DNA on DPI 4, remained consistently positive until DPI 60, and were intermittently positive until the end of the study (DPI 144). The two primary infection dogs developed antibodies reactive to E. ewingii by DPI 28 and remained seropositive for the duration of the study. Primary infected dogs had intermittent fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia and some dogs were hyperphosphatemic and/or had elevated ALP levels. The two challenge dogs were positive for E. ewingii DNA on DPI 4 and 18, which was similar to the primary infection dogs, but the duration of E. ewingii DNA detection was shorter. Also, the two challenged dogs did not develop pyrexia or show any hematologic or biochemical abnormalities. E. ewingii was successfully transmitted between dogs by Amblyomma americanum, but not Rhipicephalus sanguineus. This study provides data on the infection dynamics of E. ewingii in dogs during primary and challenge infections and suggests that prior exposure may lessen clinical disease during subsequent infections.