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Gene Duplication and Divergence

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.

Gene Conversion

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

Gene Conversion

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

Gene Families

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Intralocus sexual conflict resolved through gene duplication.

Miguel Gallach¹, Esther Betrán

¹Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, 501 S. Nedderman Drive, Arlington, TX, USA.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

|March 15, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gene duplication, often linked to new genes, may resolve sexual genetic conflicts. This process generates sex-biased gene expression, particularly for essential genes in sexually dimorphic tissues.

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary genetics
Molecular biology
Sexual conflict research

Background:

Gene duplication is primarily known for creating novel genes and functions.
Its role in resolving sexual genetic conflicts has been largely overlooked.
Sexual genetic conflicts arise from differing evolutionary interests between sexes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence supporting gene duplication as a mechanism for resolving intralocus sexual antagonism.
To highlight the overlooked role of gene duplication in sexual conflict resolution.
To explore how gene duplication facilitates sex-specific gene expression.

Main Methods:

Literature review of theoretical predictions and experimental data.
Analysis of gene duplication's role in sex-biased gene expression.
Examination of sexual conflict in housekeeping genes.

Main Results:

Gene duplication is a theoretically predicted and experimentally supported mechanism for resolving intralocus sexual antagonism.
This process generates sex-biased and sex-specifically expressed genes.
Essential housekeeping genes in sexually dimorphic tissues are key targets for this resolution.

Conclusions:

Gene duplication offers a crucial pathway for resolving sexual genetic conflicts.
It enables the evolution of sex-specific gene expression necessary for adaptation.
This mechanism is vital for understanding the evolution of sexual dimorphism and conflict resolution.